Debian 12 如何升级到 Debian 13

1. 确认当前版本

lsb_release -a

2. 修改中科大软件源 (可选)

cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
EOF

3. 更新 Debian 12 到最新状态

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y && sudo apt full-upgrade -y && sudo reboot

4. 修改软件源为 Debian 13 (核心步骤)

直接用 sed 命令一键全自动把 bookworm 替换为 trixie（免去手动 nano 逐行改的麻烦）：

sudo sed -i 's/bookworm/trixie/g' /etc/apt/sources.list

5. 执行完整升级

sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade -y

💡 提示：过程中阅读协议可按 q 退出；可选择自动重启正在运行的程序；配置文件询问时建议选 keep the local version currently installed。

6. 重启并验证版本

sudo reboot
# 重启后查看是否升级成功
lsb_release -a

7. 一键清理旧内核、磁盘碎片与系统深度性能优化

💡 使用方法：升级到 Debian 13 重启完毕后，全选并整段复制下方代码，直接粘贴到 root 终端回车。它会自动完成所有清理、碎片整理、内存优化、BBR网络加速以及104万文件句柄提升。

# ----- 1. 清理旧包与过期系统日志 -----
sudo apt-get autoremove --purge -y
sudo apt-get clean && sudo apt-get autoclean
sudo journalctl --vacuum-time=3d

# ----- 2. 全自动化彻底清除旧内核并刷新 GRUB -----
CURRENT_KERNEL=\$(uname -r)
OLD_KERNELS=\$(dpkg -l | awk '/linux-image-[0-9]|linux-headers-[0-9]/ {print 2' | grep -v "CURRENT_KERNEL" | xargs)
if [ -n "\$OLD_KERNELS" ]; then
    echo "发现旧内核: \$OLD_KERNELS，正在自动清理..."
    sudo apt-get purge -y \$OLD_KERNELS
    sudo apt-get autoremove --purge -y
fi

# ----- 3. 自动识别文件系统并进行针对性磁盘整理 -----
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xfsdump btrfs-progs e2fsprogs
FS_TYPE=\$(df -T / | awk 'NR==2 {print \$2}')
if [ "\$FS_TYPE" = "ext4" ]; then
    echo "⚡ 正在整理 ext4 碎片..." && sudo e4defrag /
elif [ "\$FS_TYPE" = "xfs" ]; then
    echo "⚡ 正在整理 xfs 碎片..." && sudo xfs_fsr /
elif [ "\$FS_TYPE" = "btrfs" ]; then
    echo "⚡ 正在整理 btrfs 碎片..." && sudo btrfs filesystem defragment -r /
else
    echo "⚡ 正在尝试对虚拟盘/固态盘执行 TRIM 释放..." && sudo fstrim -av
fi
sudo update-grub

# ----- 4. 内存与慢速 HDD 虚拟内存（Swap）效能调优 -----
sudo sysctl -w vm.swappiness=10
sudo sysctl -w vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50
sudo sed -i '/vm.swappiness/d' /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sed -i '/vm.vfs_cache_pressure/d' /etc/sysctl.conf
echo -e "vm.swappiness=10\nvm.vfs_cache_pressure=50" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf

# ----- 5. 开启网络 BBR 拥塞控制、TCP 队列与快开优化 -----
sudo sysctl -w net.core.default_qdisc=fq
sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr
sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_fastopen=3
sudo sed -i '/net.core.default_qdisc/d' /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sed -i '/net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control/d' /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sed -i '/net.ipv4.tcp_fastopen/d' /etc/sysctl.conf
echo -e "net.core.default_qdisc=fq\net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr\net.ipv4.tcp_fastopen=3" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf

# ----- 6. 加大系统与用户级文件句柄（突破 104 万高并发限制） -----
sudo sysctl -w fs.file-max=2097152
sudo sed -i '/fs.file-max/d' /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "fs.file-max=2097152" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sed -i '/nofile/d' /etc/security/limits.conf
echo -e "* soft nofile 1048576\n* hard nofile 1048576\nroot soft nofile 1048576\nroot hard nofile 1048576" | sudo tee -a /etc/security/limits.conf
sudo sed -i '/DefaultLimitNOFILE/d' /etc/systemd/system.conf /etc/systemd/user.conf
echo "DefaultLimitNOFILE=1048576" | sudo tee -a /etc/systemd/system.conf /etc/systemd/user.conf

# ----- 7. 强制使配置立即使生效 -----
sudo sysctl -p
ulimit -n 1048576
echo "🎉 所有深度优化与清理已全部完美完成！"

🗂 备用附录：官方默认源恢复命令

若以后需要切回官方源，可随时使用下面两段命令一键覆盖：

Debian 12 默认官方源

cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
EOF

Debian 13 默认官方源

cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian/ trixie main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian/ trixie main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://deb.debian.org/debian/ trixie-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian/ trixie-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://deb.debian.org/debian/ trixie-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian/ trixie-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ trixie-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ trixie-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
EOF

挂载硬盘

# ----- 1. 新数据盘格式化为 XFS 格式（格式化后 UUID 会变） -----
sudo mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdb1

# ----- 2. 创建目录并手动尝试挂载 -----
sudo mkdir -p /data && sudo mount /dev/vdb1 /data

# ----- 3. 清理旧挂载行，并自动获取新 UUID 写入 fstab（带 nofail 绝对不卡开机） -----
sudo sed -i '/\/data/d' /etc/fstab
NEW_UUID=$(sudo blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/vdb1)
echo "UUID=${NEW_UUID} /data xfs defaults,noatime,nofail 0 2" | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

# ----- 4. 让 Systemd 刷新配置、模拟测试全自动挂载 -----
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo umount /data
sudo mount -a

# ----- 5. 最终验证 -----
df -h | grep /data